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Deficiency of the fast-twitch muscle protein alpha-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for a nonsense polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene is common in humans. Actinin-3 deficiency (XX) is associated with reduced muscle strength/power and enhanced endurance performance in elite athletes and in the general population. The association between R577X and loss in muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) has previously been investigated in a number of studies in elderly humans. The majority of studies report loss of ACTN3 genotype association with muscle traits in the elderly, however, there is some indication that the XX genotype may be associated with faster muscle function decline. To further explore these potential age-related effects and the underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of alpha-actinin-3 deficiency in aging male and female Actn3 knockout (KO) mice (2, 6, 12, and 18 months). Our findings support previous reports of a diminished influence of ACTN3 genotype on muscle performance in the elderly: genotype differences in intrinsic exercise performance, fast muscle force generation and male muscle mass were lost in aged mice, but were maintained for other muscle function traits such as grip strength. The loss of genotype difference in exercise performance occurred despite the maintenance of some ""slower"" muscle characteristics in KO muscles, such as increased oxidative metabolism and greater force recovery after fatigue. Interestingly, muscle mass decline in aged 18 month old male KO mice was greater compared to wild-type controls (WT) (-12.2% in KO; -6.5% in WT). These results provide further support that alpha-actinin-3 deficient individuals may experience faster decline in muscle function with increasing age.

Discover how long it takes to get a six-pack and the key lifestyle changes you need to make. Learn why common pitfalls like carbs, booze, and lounging can derail your fitness goals and how to overcome them for a shredded core. Many aspire to one day have six-pack abs, but let’s be real, few have succeeded because carbs, booze, and time are not on your side. But, if we unpack (pun intended) how to obtain that coveted "six-pack," you’ll find it’s not mission impossible after all. What you really need to know is how long it takes and exactly what behaviors (ahem: endless couch chilling and junk food) you need to kick to the curb. First and foremost, getting a six-pack (or four-pack, or Prime Boosts Supplement eight-pack if you have great genes) comes down to the amount of body fat you have. Reducing body fat is a necessary step to reveal your chiseled midsection. To lower body fat safely and effectively, it’s important to focus on both diet and exercise.

With everything nutrition and fitness related, there remains one true constant: Prime Boosts Supplement There is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to achieving a goal. Genetics, body shape, and build always factor into individual results. But seriously, how long does it take to get a six-pack? Your timeline to a six-pack depends on the body fat percentage you’re starting with. A good rule of thumb (and a safe one) is to aim to lose 1 to 2 percent of body fat per month. So, unveiling your abs can take anywhere from 3 months to 2 years. It really does vary. It’s also a good idea to consult a registered dietitian and certified personal trainer or exercise professional before beginning any nutrition and fitness plan. There’s a lot of noise and misinformation in the food and exercise world, and it’s important to be sure you’re on the best plan for your individual needs. For starters, the ideal body fat percentage to see your midsection muscles pop is 14 to 19 percent for women and 6 to 13 percent for men.

Getting (and staying) below 10 percent body fat may look aesthetically divine (ow ow!), but this takes dedication and discipline. Your body will NOT like being here and will likely try every trick in the book to get you to eat more because it thinks you’re starving. It’s also important to note that unless you’re a professional bodybuilder or elite athlete, you don’t need to be below the 10 percent point for your abs to be in view. Some body fat is good. We actually need it to survive. Women naturally require more fat than men. Science points out most of this is due to the hormone estrogen, and to support fertility. Men on the other hand, need less body fat and naturally have more lean muscle tissue (thanks, testosterone ????) which helps them drop weight faster. Dudes are simply burning more calories, Buy Prime Boosts Official Website Boosts even at rest, because of this muscle mass.